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Like the other Baltic states, Lithuania declared independence at the end of World War 1 and was caught in the chaotic and violent situation of 1919 and 1920 when much of Eastern Europe was in turmoil. Territories that today belong to Lithuania were claimed by Poland and Soviet Russia alike - while these two were waging a war in the direct vicinity of Lithuania.

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» SOURCES
Balkelis, Tomas, From Self-Defense to Revolution: Lithuanian Paramilitary Groups in 1918 and 1919, in Fleishman, Lazar & Weiner, Amir (eds.) War, Revolution and Governance: The Baltic Countires in the Twentieth Century, (Boston : Academic Studies Press, 2018)

Balkelis, Tomas, Turning Citizens into Soldiers: Baltic Paramilitary Movements after the Great War in Gerwarth, Robert & Horne, John (eds.), War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012)

Gerutis, Albertas, Independent Lithuania in Gerutis, Albertas (ed.) Lithuania: 700 Years, (Woodhaven : Manyland Books, Inc, 1969)

Lieven, Anatol, The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence, (New Haven : Yale University Press, 2005)

Mačiulis, Dangiras and Staliūnas, Darius, Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Question, 1883-1940, (Marburg : Verlag Herder-Institut, 2015)

Senn, Alfred Erich, The Great Powers, Lithuania and the Vilna Question 1920-1928, (Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1966)

Snyder, Timothy, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 15691999, (New Haven : Yale University Press, 2008)

Leonhardt, Joern. Der Ueberfordete Frieden. (CH Beck, 2018).

Borzecki, Jerzy. The Polish-Soviet Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008)

Lehnstaedt, Stephan. Der Vergessene Sieg. Der Polnisch-Sowjetische Krieg 1919-1921 und die Entstehung des modernen Osteuropa (CH Beck, 2019)

Davies, Norman. White Eagle Red Star (Random House, 2003 (1972))

Böhler, Jochen. Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921 (Oxford University Press, 2019)


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Presented by: Jesse Alexander
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