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The once global Spanish Empire was a distant memory in 1921 and in one of the last Spanish colonies trouble was brewing. The Berbers in the Rif mountains under Abd El-Krim were vying for control and so the Spanish Army started a fateful expedition that would end in one of the biggest colonial defeats in history: The battle at Annual.

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» SOURCES
Balfour, Sebastian & La Porte, Pablo, Spanish Military Cultures and the Moroccan Wars, 190936, European History Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2000)

Chandler, James M. Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 10, No. 2, (1975)

Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce, Abdelkrim: Whose Hero is He? The Politics of Contested Memory in Todays Morocco, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2, (2012)

Pack, Sasha D, The Deepest Border : The Strait of Gibraltar and the Making of the Modern Hispano-African Borderland, (Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press, 2019)

Pennell, C R, A Country with a Government and a Flag: the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926, (Wisbech : Middle East and North African Studies Press Ltd, 1986)

Pennell, C R, Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, (1982)

Peyron, Michael, The Berbers of Morocco: A History of Resistance, (London : Bloomsbury, 2020)

Woolman, David S. Rebels in the Rif : Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1969)

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»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
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